LeetCode #442 — MEDIUM

Find All Duplicates in an Array

Move from brute-force thinking to an efficient approach using array strategy.

The Problem

Problem Statement

Given an integer array nums of length n where all the integers of nums are in the range [1, n] and each integer appears at most twice, return an array of all the integers that appears twice.

You must write an algorithm that runs in O(n) time and uses only constant auxiliary space, excluding the space needed to store the output

Example 1:

Input: nums = [4,3,2,7,8,2,3,1]
Output: [2,3]

Example 2:

Input: nums = [1,1,2]
Output: [1]

Example 3:

Input: nums = [1]
Output: []

Constraints:

n == nums.length
1 <= n <= 10⁵
1 <= nums[i] <= n
Each element in nums appears once or twice.

Step 01

Brute Force Baseline

Problem summary: Given an integer array nums of length n where all the integers of nums are in the range [1, n] and each integer appears at most twice, return an array of all the integers that appears twice. You must write an algorithm that runs in O(n) time and uses only constant auxiliary space, excluding the space needed to store the output

Baseline thinking

Start with the most direct exhaustive search. That gives a correctness anchor before optimizing.

Pattern signal: Array · Hash Map

Example 1

[4,3,2,7,8,2,3,1]

Example 2

[1,1,2]

Example 3

[1]

Core Insight

What unlocks the optimal approach

No official hints in dataset. Start from constraints and look for a monotonic or reusable state.

Interview move: turn each hint into an invariant you can check after every iteration/recursion step.

Step 03

Algorithm Walkthrough

Iteration Checklist

Define state (indices, window, stack, map, DP cell, or recursion frame).
Apply one transition step and update the invariant.
Record answer candidate when condition is met.
Continue until all input is consumed.

Use the first example testcase as your mental trace to verify each transition.

Step 04

Edge Cases

Minimum Input

Single element / shortest valid input

Validate boundary behavior before entering the main loop or recursion.

Duplicates & Repeats

Repeated values / repeated states

Decide whether duplicates should be merged, skipped, or counted explicitly.

Extreme Constraints

Upper-end input sizes

Re-check complexity target against constraints to avoid time-limit issues.

Invalid / Corner Shape

Empty collections, zeros, or disconnected structures

Handle special-case structure before the core algorithm path.

Step 05

Full Annotated Code

Source-backed implementations are provided below for direct study and interview prep.

// Accepted solution for LeetCode #442: Find All Duplicates in an Array
class Solution {
    public List<Integer> findDuplicates(int[] nums) {
        int n = nums.length;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            while (nums[i] != nums[nums[i] - 1]) {
                swap(nums, i, nums[i] - 1);
            }
        }
        List<Integer> ans = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            if (nums[i] != i + 1) {
                ans.add(nums[i]);
            }
        }
        return ans;
    }

    void swap(int[] nums, int i, int j) {
        int t = nums[i];
        nums[i] = nums[j];
        nums[j] = t;
    }
}

// Accepted solution for LeetCode #442: Find All Duplicates in an Array
func findDuplicates(nums []int) []int {
	for i := range nums {
		for nums[i] != nums[nums[i]-1] {
			nums[i], nums[nums[i]-1] = nums[nums[i]-1], nums[i]
		}
	}
	var ans []int
	for i, v := range nums {
		if v != i+1 {
			ans = append(ans, v)
		}
	}
	return ans
}

# Accepted solution for LeetCode #442: Find All Duplicates in an Array
class Solution:
    def findDuplicates(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[int]:
        for i in range(len(nums)):
            while nums[i] != nums[nums[i] - 1]:
                nums[nums[i] - 1], nums[i] = nums[i], nums[nums[i] - 1]
        return [v for i, v in enumerate(nums) if v != i + 1]

// Accepted solution for LeetCode #442: Find All Duplicates in an Array
struct Solution;

impl Solution {
    fn find_duplicates(mut nums: Vec<i32>) -> Vec<i32> {
        let mut res: Vec<i32> = vec![];
        let n = nums.len();
        for i in 0..n {
            let x = nums[i];
            let index = (x.abs() - 1) as usize;
            if nums[index] < 0 {
                res.push(x.abs());
            } else {
                nums[index] *= -1;
            }
        }
        res
    }
}

#[test]
fn test() {
    let nums = vec![4, 3, 2, 7, 8, 2, 3, 1];
    let res = vec![2, 3];
    assert_eq!(Solution::find_duplicates(nums), res);
}

// Accepted solution for LeetCode #442: Find All Duplicates in an Array
function findDuplicates(nums: number[]): number[] {
    for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
        while (nums[i] !== nums[nums[i] - 1]) {
            const temp = nums[i];
            nums[i] = nums[temp - 1];
            nums[temp - 1] = temp;
        }
    }
    const ans: number[] = [];
    for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
        if (nums[i] !== i + 1) {
            ans.push(nums[i]);
        }
    }
    return ans;
}

Step 06

Interactive Study Demo

Use this to step through a reusable interview workflow for this problem.

Custom checkpoints (one per line)

Press Step or Run All to begin.

Step 07

Complexity Analysis

Time

O(n)

Space

O(1)

Approach Breakdown

BRUTE FORCE

O(n²) time

O(1) space

Two nested loops check every pair or subarray. The outer loop fixes a starting point, the inner loop extends or searches. For n elements this gives up to n²/2 operations. No extra space, but the quadratic time is prohibitive for large inputs.

OPTIMIZED

O(n) time

O(1) space

Most array problems have an O(n²) brute force (nested loops) and an O(n) optimal (single pass with clever state tracking). The key is identifying what information to maintain as you scan: a running max, a prefix sum, a hash map of seen values, or two pointers.

Shortcut: If you are using nested loops on an array, there is almost always an O(n) solution. Look for the right auxiliary state.

Coach Notes

Common Mistakes

Review these before coding to avoid predictable interview regressions.

Off-by-one on range boundaries

Wrong move: Loop endpoints miss first/last candidate.

Usually fails on: Fails on minimal arrays and exact-boundary answers.

Fix: Re-derive loops from inclusive/exclusive ranges before coding.

Mutating counts without cleanup

Wrong move: Zero-count keys stay in map and break distinct/count constraints.

Usually fails on: Window/map size checks are consistently off by one.

Fix: Delete keys when count reaches zero.